Akos Reger and Cento Veljanovski have collaborated to show how economics is increasingly used to assess state aid measures. In light of the economic theory and the case law they outline the application of economics to the market economy investor principle (MEIP), and in the assessment of the ‘necessity’ and ‘proportionality’ of the aid given. They also discuss the economic interpretation of the concept of ‘well run’ undertaking under the 4th Altmark criterion.